What is flow?

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Flapper nozzle pneumatic transducer

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Flapper nozzle is a most commonly used pneumatic transducer for small displacement measurement. It is also used to determine position in a servosystem. Construction As shown in the figure restriction element is mounted inside the nozzle. We often use orifice plate as a restriction element. The flapper is mounted near to the nozzle as shown in the figure. the difference between flapper and nozzle is x. The constant pressure supply (20psi) is applied to the inputside of nozzle. Working As Distance between flapper and nozzle is increase then the output of the flapper nozzle is decreased and when the distance is a decrease  the output of the nozzle is will increase.so we can say that the displacement and output of the device is inversely proportional. When the distance (x) is  zero then  output is equal to the input supply.
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SemiConductor type strain gauge

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Semiconductor type strain gauge In this type of strain gauge we use doped silicon or  germanium as a sensing element. When we apply stress to this type of material its Resistance is changed, by measuring the  resistance change we can  measure the stress applied on this material. Gauge factor of this type of strain gauge is well around 100. Unlike other strain gauges, semiconductor strain gages are based upon the piezoresistive effects of silicon or germanium and measure the change in resistance with stress as opposed to strain. The semiconductor bonded strain gage is a wafer with the resistance element diffused into a substrate of silicon. No backing is provided for the wafer element and bonding it to the strained surface needs extra care since only a thin layer of epoxy is used to attach it. Size of a semiconductor strain gauge is much smaller and the cost much lower than for a metallic foil sensor.
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